Passive Smoking Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Tar, Cigarette

Passive Smoking What is secondhand smoke? ? Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. ? This mixture contains more than 4,000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals and many of which are strong irritants. ? Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); exposure to secondhand smoke is called involuntary smoking, or passive smoking. Passive smoking artery damage partially heals Damage to the lining of arteries of young adults caused by passive smoking partially heals 2 years after the exposure to smoke, but the artery lining is still not as healthy as the arteries of people who had never beenexposed to smoke. 60 young adults, all nonsmokers, between the ages of 15 and 39 were used as essential data for further analysis. Twenty had never been exposed to tobacco smoke at home or in the workplace for any amount of time. Another group of 20 had been passively exposed for at least 1 hour per day for 2 or more years. A third group of 20 had been exposed to smoke at home, work, or both for at least 1 hour per day for 2 years. The researchers found that dilation of the blood vessels was much better in former passive smokers than in current passive smokers, although both groups were impaired compared with nonsmoking controls. Not surprisingly, former passive smokers who had been away from smoky environments longer had better arterial function than those who had been exposed to passive smoking as recently as 2 years prior to the study. Passive smoking has been consistently linked to an increased risk for coronary heart disease and may be responsible for more than 30 cardiovascular deaths annually in the US alone, the researchers note. Secosndhand smoke is a serious health risk to children. The developing lungs of young children are also affected by exposure to secondhand smoke. Infants and young children whose parents smoke are among the most seriously affected by exposure to secondhand smoke, being at increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis. EPA estimates that passive smoking is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age annually, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year. Children exposed to secondhand smoke are also more likely to have reduced lung function and symptoms of respiratory irritation like cough, excess phlegm, and wheeze. Passive smoking can lead to buildup of fluid in the middle ear, the most common cause of hospitalization of children for an operation. Asthmatic children are especially at risk. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the number of episodes and severity of symptoms in hundreds of thousands of asthmatic children. EPA estimates that between 200,000 and 1,000,000 asthmatic children have their condition made worse by exposure to secondhand smoke. Passive smoking may also cause thousands of non-asthmatic children to develop the condition each year. Pregnant women should be strongly encouraged to avoid spending time in places where people smoke, as u denoted from all the reasearch I've gone through. There was a survey made to see weather women have been exposed to passive smoking at home or at work. Women completed a questionnaire about exposure to passive smoking, then researches analyzed the data, they saw hat out of one thousand women which have given birth before and at the same time were exposed to second hand smoking, 70 women had babies with physical and/or mental disabilities. Cigarette smoke can damage your heart even if youu aren't a smoker. Research shows that the second-hand smoke that many people are exposed to is enough to produce damage to their cardiovasscular system. Researchers identsified carbon monoxide and nicotine in environmental tobacco smoke that increases the risk of heart disease. Here are a couple of examples. First, the carbon monoxide competes with oxygen in the red blood cells. It not only reduces the amount of oxygen in the heart, it also makes the heart use oxygen less efficiently. Researchers say exposure to second-hand smoke causes between 30,000 and 60,000 fatal heart attacks each year and between 90,000 and 180,000 non-fatal heart attacks. Researchers claim exposure to second-hand

My Mother Said I Never Should Essays

My Mother Said I Never Should Essays My Mother Said I Never Should Essay My Mother Said I Never Should Essay Essay Topic: Play When looking for my contemporary monologue I at first wasnt sure what kind of monologue I wanted, I knew I wanted one which showed quite a bit of emotion but as to which monologue I should of chose I was stuck on. I eventually found one monologue its called my mother said I never should by Charlotte Keatley. The play is about difficult relationships between mothers and daughters. It goes forwards and backwards between 1905 and 1987. It shows the lives of four generations of women, their loves, expectations and choices throughout their lives. They are set against the huge social changes on the twentieth century. In the scene from which my monologue came from it is in 1987, Jackie is in her mid-thirties and she runs an art gallery in manchester. She has a very successful life but has a very painful secret. In the the early seventies at the age of nineteen she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter Rosie. She couldnt handle the demands of single parenthood after Rosies father moved away with another woman. She then had to give Rosie up under pressure from her mother, and so she was brought up by her grandparents. Another example would be that Jackies career and opportunity for the future couldve been destroyed because she fell pregnant with Neils baby, and soon after, Neil abandons her. The message the playwright was trying to put across is the how the unique bonds between mothers and daughters survives behind closed doors, and how secrecy may slowly destroy a family. The practical problems I foresaw in performing this play were being able to mentally as well as physically change myself into a female child, teenager, adult or old woman. I also found it challenging to be able to relate to each character and infuse a little part of my personality to each of them. I found I had these problems because I have not experienced some of the things the characters within the play had done. I managed to overcome this by remembering certain plays/television programmes/films I have seen that cover the certain subjects that each character was going through, for example when Jackie fell pregnant, I thought of Lolita by Stanley Kubrick when Lolita falls pregnant at 16/17.

Celebrity Role Models

Today’s society revolves around the lives of those we call â€Å"famous† or â€Å"celebrities†, we are more focused on the lives of these people then our own. Today’s children see Celebrities as role models, however they are seen as role models for the wrong reasons and set a bad example for children. Although not all Celebrities are bad role models, a frightening amount are. Celebrities such as Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber and Robin Thicke are prime examples of bad celebrity role models. Cyrus is well known for glorifying drug use and dressing inappropriately, Bieber is famous for using his money inappropriately and having several run-ins with the law and Thicke is known for his song â€Å"Blurred Lines† which hints at rape on several occasions, although they have been involved in controversies they are still seen as good people by today’s youth who seem to ignore the negatives these people portray. Celebrities seem to be involved in all kinds of controversy, Ranging from Affairs, Drug abuse, Alcoholism, Driving under influence and discriminatory comments. These celebrities pose a danger to today’s youth as they start to think there are little consequences to doing these things which is not true at all. One specific celebrity that is held in high regard to thousands of young boys in England predominately is Paul Gascoigne or â€Å"Gazza†. Paul Gascoigne was an English football player who rose to fame worldwide during the 1990 World Cup held in Italy. Gascoigne’s heroic performances earned him a place in the nation’s heart and made him one of the most famous Football players in the last 100 years. However â€Å"Gazza† quickly found himself in a downwards spiral with his troubled childhood and addiction to Alcohol turning him into a mess. In 1998 he first entered sustained therapy sessions when he was admitted into Priory Hospital after a drinking session where he drank 32 shots of whisky which left him at rock bottom Since 2004 he has battled with addictions to: Cigarettes, Alcohol, Red Bull, Junk Food, Gambling and exercise. In 2008 he was taken into protective custody after he attempted suicide while drunk. On 9th July 2010 Gascoigne appeared at the scene of the tense stand-off between the police and Raoul Moat, claiming to be a friend of Raoul Moat and stating that he had brought him a can of lager, some chicken, fishing rod, a Newcastle shirt and a dressing gown. After all the controversies he has been involved in Gascoigne is still held high in the hearts of England fans and somehow is thought of as inspirational.

Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of Essay

Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of difference in class, power, culture, etc - Essay Example The paper "Ways in which contemporary art history engages with issues of difference in class, power, culture, etc" discovers the history of contemporary art and the issues it engages. Class has developed a number of issues when it comes to art. A class is a category of individuals having some properties in common differentiated from others by kind or quality. It means people that have been bound by similar setting different from others giving them a distinct difference from others and collectively showing similar behaviours also inclusive of their social status. In this light, a class can include religious class, social class and also a political class. In recent past, religious class grasps to ideas that favour their mannerism and whatsoever most of them would be conservative of their ways. Art mostly includes creatively displaying imaginative ideas that, for instance, may involve drawing, carving or coming up with expressions such as nude figures or distorted ones that would collid e with the values of a class engulfed in religion. Truly enough, a state entitled or having a Muslim or a Christian following would largely condemn art involving nude figures as it seems to be a violation of their religious exposure. A class that is more influential would favour or hamper art development as they would have the final say to nail the idea or exalt the idea. The political class would be cautious to tread in the ways of their subjects especially in a society that practices democratic election.

The impact of tobacco advertising on the females Essay

The impact of tobacco advertising on the females - Essay Example This warmer weather will likely to prompt smokers to go outside frequently to other areas if indoor smoking laws are tight. Sex appeal, independence, fashionableness, adventure, and affluence are identified as themes found in female-targeted cigarette advertising. The advertisement of cigarettes smoked by women only gave women a sense of liberation, exclusivity, and equality. In late 1960s, initial advertising campaigns of Virginia Slim included claims that there is a cigarette for women only. This is the slim cigarette made just for only women, who is tailored slim than the fat cigarettes smoked by men. In 1969, John Landry argued that early ideas if a thin cigarette did not gain positive response as per market respondents. It rather worked well when they added the idea of female orientation. In the analysis of competition on female oriented cigarette, advertising hit the market in 1968, just as the women liberation was entering the national consciousness (Barnard, 1998). The positi oning cigarettes specifically for today have liberated women who have unique swing image. It has been documented that tobacco advertising is targeting women, but less has been discovered how the needs satisfaction messages effectively promote smoking to women. The documents from the tobacco industry provided an opportunity on examining the industry’s process of developing cigarette advertising for women. The industry identified this in a research in 1980 as a salient to women of life experiences and different ages. Marketing of Satin was tested to compete in the growing market of educated and working women who smoked slim cigarette. The response to this brand of cigarette received a very... This essay "The impact of tobacco advertising on the females" outlines the connection between commercials of cigarettes and the level of smoking among women. It has been documented that tobacco advertising is targeting women, but less has been discovered how the needs satisfaction messages effectively promote smoking to women. The documents from the tobacco industry provided an opportunity on examining the industry’s process of developing cigarette advertising for women. The industry identified this in a research in 1980 as a salient to women of life experiences and different ages. Marketing of Satin was tested to compete in the growing market of educated and working women who smoked slim cigarette. The response to this brand of cigarette received a very positive response. Satin was positioned in that it could communicate to homemakers and working people that they need time for themselves to relax and foster themselves by smoking satin cigarettes. The women were also, sharing the need for escapism, private, and self indulgence (Burns, 2010). According to research conducted by Lorillard in 1981, test market respondents on satin appealed to desire to relax with a cigarette, desire to pamper individual, sensuous nature of a woman, and suppressed dream of relaxing in luxury. It was also noted that, advertisements which involves women in fantasy of escape from life’s problems with a little self indulgence which seem to be striking a nerve. This is most dangerous with focus groups especially with older women.

Mayeroffs Caring Essay Example for Free

Mayeroffs Caring Essay Mayeroffs Major Ingredients of Caring Related to Coaching Soccer This essay explains how Milton Mayeroffs Major Ingredients of Caring, in his book, On Caring, relates to coaching soccer. There are eight ingredients that Mayeroff discusses in his book that all relate to becoming a successful coach. If a coach anaylzes and considers each ingredient, he can deeply develop his skill as a caring trainer and guide of the players in his charge. Mayeroffs basic principle is that when a person cares about someone else, the person being cared for will grow. In rder for a coach to be successful, he needs his players to grow; therefore he needs to care about all the players on his team. A mindful coach will take into consideration each ingredient that Mayeroff describes so that growth can strengthen the players individually and as a team. This essay examines the ingredients, Knowledge, Alternating Rhythms and Patience, of caring to illustrate a direct relationship between caring and coaching soccer. In chapter one, Mayeroff explains the basic pattern of caring with examples of how caring affects another persons growth. Mayeroff further develops his thoughts on caring in chapter two by demonstrating how caring can be exercised by knowing, experiencing alternating rhythms, the act of patience, honesty, trust, humility, hope and courage. Analyzing and then understanding all eight ingredients that Mayeroff describes will have special importance to caring within a relationship. In coaching soccer, a successful coach will have special strengths, however in knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Coaching soccer requires caring and this essay will make clear how these three ingredients are essential for successful coaching. The first ingredient Mayeroff introduces is the concept of Knowing. Mayeroff breaks down knowing into different factors: specific vs. broad, implicit vs. explicit, and direct vs. indirect. The deciphering of knowledge, as Mayeroff explains it, allows a better understanding of how caring is completed with these crucial factors. Mayeroff states, To care for someone, I must know many things. I must know, for example, who the other is, what his powers and limitations are, what his needs are, and what is conducive to his growth (p. 1 3). Each of these components of knowledge is necessary in helping an ndividual grow, particularly in soccer. The foundation of a sports team, especially soccer, starts with the coach. The coach is the head of the team and therefore is required to acquire the most knowledge about the sport. A coach needs to know all aspects of the game, such as, offensive and defensive strategies, different ball skills, and the endurance it takes to be a soccer player. Also, the coach has to be able to understand all of his players: their capabilities, personalities, strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, in order for growth to occur, the coach must know his rucial part in Mayeroffs knowing ingredient. In order for a coach to be successful, knowing the characteristics of a player like, how fast they are, best position, and strength of the players kick, is important to facilitate a players growth. This way the coach can apply a different teaching method to ensure that each player will receive the information in a way that the player can understand and grow from. In soccer, knowing these characteristics can give the coach an idea of the best drills to run in practice. Also, the coach might divide the players into different groups after knowing he players strengths in specific positions on the field. Knowing all the different information makes coaching an extremely difficult task; however an attentive coach will care about learning each aspect of a player. The action of caring allows the coach to acquire the specific knowledge of his players. A coach who does not care about his players or team would be teaching in a way that is not effective to each player. The players can grow when the coach cares enough about obtaining more knowledge to teach them in a way that will increase their skills. Knowledge is not the only ngredient that leads a coach to be a successful one. Alternating rhythms is defined as the rhythm of moving back and forth between narrower and wider framework (p. 22), and is the second ingredient that Mayeroff discusses in regard to caring. While coaching soccer, the coach needs to understand that not all players will learn at the same pace or in the same way. The alternating rhythm ingredient reflects the fact that different tactics are needed for different players. A coach is a teacher: when someone does not understand a concept, a new way is determined in order for he student to comprehend the concept. Soccer is an interactive sport that requires a lot of practice to acquire the many moves and tricks that make a soccer player effective. For instance, if a player does not understand a coach through a visual example of a specific play during a corner kick, the coach needs to develop another technique to teach the player the specific play . The same thing goes for a play or a kick. A defender needs to know how to take the ball from the opposing team, and then implement offensive skills. If a coach does not teach this in a coherent manner, he player will not be able to grow. It is up to the coach to aid the player to acquire knowledge of kicks, skills and offensive and defensive plays to become successful not just in one game but also as a player. Both players and coaches have a particular way they would like to be taught; however, if a coach wants the players to grow, adjustments in technique and sacrifices of preference must mark the coachs use of alternating rhythms. Willingness to make these adjustments will define how deeply the coach cares about the soccer team. A third ingredient that Mayeroff analyzes in On Caring can help a coach become more successful: Patience. According to Mayeroff, patience does not mean waiting passively for something to occur, rather, it means that a person should actively participate in the growth of the other person. Mayeroff states, The man who cares is patient because he believes in the growth of the other (p. 24). Soccer, like all sports, requires practice if one is to become proficient. When a coach comes across a player who is not willing to put in time or effort, someone who gives up on the learning experience, instead of encouraging the layer to quit, a caring coach might exercise patience to help the player grow. Even a talented soccer player might experience difficultly learning a skill. A coach still needs grasp skills quickly. Exercising patience with all types of players will help the coach become successful because growth will occur throughout the team. Due to varied skill levels and rates at which players adopt skills, the coach has to have a great deal of patience and teach his players different skills all within the same periods of practice. If, for instance, the coach decided to do a shooting drill with three offenders, wo defenders and a goalie, when these six players run the drill, the coach should focus on each individual and recognize what can be improved on. For example, an offender might need development on a trick. Another might need to develop a move to dribble away from defenders. One offender might work on dribbling while on a break away. The defenders might need help with Jockeying backwards beside an offender along with applying pressure. The goalie might need assistance with an upper left hand shot, rather than a grounder to the side of the goal. All these ifferent aspects of play that need improvement require patience from players and the coach. A coach has to take one technique at a time with each player, while other players wait their turn. Patience will facilitate growth in all players because the coach cares enough to focus on the skills that need to be strengthened. For a coach, exercising patience, while allowing players to learn without pressure, will strengthen the team and at the same time develop the coach himself. As he continues to establish the dynamics of the team, and learn more about each players skill set, aring and growing increases, exemplifying how a successful coach uses patience in soccer. I distinguished three out of the eight ingredients Milton Mayeroff discusses in his book On Caring, to display how caring is exercised in the deepest manner. In order for caring to occur in soccer, a coach should implement the three ingredients of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. When a person in a relationship grows, caring is exemplified. The examples Mayeroff notes throughout his book helped me portray the message of caring through coaching soccer; teachers with tudents, parents with children, or any two people in a relationship. His examples directly correlate with coaching soccer because a coach has many relationships with his team, and has to adjust his coaching abilities to fit each players needs. A successful coach will see his team grow because of knowledge, alternating rhythms and patience. Understanding each of these factors is a lot for one person to take on; however, exercising them will benefit not only the players, but the coach as well. Since the coach is able to care for all of the players, he has the ability to learn from he players by taking his experiences to help grow as a successful coach.

Journalism and Social Media Essay -- Journalism News

Because I am a journalism student, I have talked, researched and discussed with many of my fellow students and faculty members about the topics above. I am choosing to talk about this because I think it is important and they are pertinent issues in the journalism field. I am also very interested in this topic, so I thought it would be fun to take the opportunity you gave us to design our own multi-part question and write about something in journalism that is appealing to me. I recently read an article somewhere, in which BBC journalist Sigrun Rottman said that objectivity in journalism is an illusion and the media should think more of being balanced than being objective. According to her, objectivity in the media does not really exist. This hit home for me because before being a journalism student I believed that objectivity in journalism was undoubtedly the focal point of the profession and that the business of every journalist was to be objective. The truth and the reality of this belief as we know it and as I have come to understand is that objectivity in journalism really doesn’t exist or to put it in better terms, it doesn’t exist to the extent that we perceive it should. So, the oft-stated and exceedingly desired goal of modern journalism is objectivity - the ‘disconnected’ gathering and dissemination of news and information; this allows people to arrive at decisions about the world and events occurring in it without the journalist’s subjective views influencing the acceptance and/or rejection of the information. It’s a pity that such a goal is impossible to achieve! As long as humans gather and disseminate news and information, objectivity is an unrealizable dream. Okay, so what does journalism require? How are journal... ...hat will help you build your journalistic toolkit. I have talked a lot about social media in several of journalism classes and have learned a lot about it, so I thought it would be fun to inject my thoughts behind it in relation to how journalists’ can and should use it for their benefit. Works Cited 1. "Journalism Ethics Online Journalism Ethics Gatekeeping." Journalism Ethics for the Global Citizen. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . 2. "Journalists and Social Media | The Changing Newsroom." The Changing Newsroom | New Media. Enduring Values. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . 3. Corbett, Julia B. Communicating Nature: How We Create and Understand Environmental Messages. Washington, DC: Island, 2006. Print.

Domestic Violence Speech Essay

Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women—more than car accidents, muggings, and rapes combined. The CDC reports that 15 million children are abused every year. Recently, the NFL has been under a lot of scrutiny for their domestic violence policy. There are as many opinions as there are teams on how they should react. To me, that is the problem. See, reaction means to have an action performed in response to a situation. However, action stands for the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim. The NFL, NBA, MLB and all other pro sport leagues need to band together and set the example. Say they will no longer tolerate violence against women. After all, pro athletes are role models for our youth. How they behave on and off the field can make a difference. However, domestic violence is much bigger than pro sports. We just seem to talk about it more when a pro athlete is involved. Statics show that men who as children witnessed their parents’ domestic violence were twice more likely to abuse their own wives than sons of nonviolent parents and girls who witnessed domestic violence were 50% more likely to be abused as women. The most common reaction people have on domestic violence is to ask â€Å"why does they stay? They do not believe they are abused. They are made to believe they caused it. They are too afraid. Yet you still ask, why do they stay? It is extremely dangerous to leave an abuser, because the final step in a domestic violence pattern is to kill her. Over 70% of domestic violence murders happen after the victim as ended the relationship, after she has gotten out. Because then the abuser has nothing left to lose. Other outcomes include long term stalking, even after the abuser remarries. Denial of financial resources, and manipulation of the family court systems to terrify the victim and her children, who are regularly forced by family court judges to spend unsupervised time with the man who beat their mother. And still we ask, why doesn’t she just leave? We tend to stereotype victims as self-destructive women, or damaged goods. The question, why does she stay is code for some people for, it’s her fault for staying. As if victims intentionally chose to fall in love with men who are intent on destroying them. Maybe the better question is â€Å"why does the abuser do it?† rather than â€Å"why does she stay?† Instead of blaming the victim of the abuse, let’s turn our attention towards the person who is causing the harm. As a society, we can no longer stand by and let these victims continue the cycle. We have to find a way to break it. I would love to say it starts at home, but that is where the abuse is, so the schools have to take a larger role in this problem. We teach our children math, reading and science, but how about relationship skills. Our schools need to help educate our children that violence will not be tolerated. If we want to attack this problem, we need to teach how to be respectful in relationships. We need to do more to decrease the abuse that happens not just the physical abuse, but all abuse. Maybe you are thinking, wow this is fascinating, but this whole time I have been talking to you about it there have been 24 victims a minute beaten. A woman or child has died. I promise you, there are several of you listening to me right now who are currently being abused or know someone who is being abused, or maybe were abused as children, or are the abusers. Abuse could be affecting your sister, cousin, or friend right now. So what are you going to do? Conclusion Domestic violence thrives when we are silent. But if we take a stand and work together, we can end domestic violence. We can end it by telling our friends and family that we will not tolerate domestic violence and by asking them to take a stand with us. We can end it by supporting the programs and shelters that provide refuge and safety for hundreds of thousands of survivors every year. We can end it by ensuring that our communities hold abusers accountable for their actions. Join the National Network to End Domestic Violence and help raise awareness. Together, we can make a difference. Say NO MORE!!

Debate Paper Essay

The use of animals in scientific experimentation should be continued to be fought against because it is morally wrong in so many ways; there are alternatives to animal experimentation. The use of animals in experimentation has been a debate and a controversy for quite some time now. There are many who strong opinions and views on this very sensitive issue; I even stand strongly against using animals for any kind of experimentation. This always leads us to one question that has been been asked; Is it right? There are quiet a lot of alternatives to animal experimentation, and they can be found on quite a few websites. Just like there are alternatives there are also pros and cons when it comes to animal experimentation, an even though some people stand strongly against this cruel act there is no way that they can avoid some of the pros that come along with it; nor can those for this cruel act can ignore the cons that come along with it. Did you know that there is an estimated twenty-six million animals that are used every year for scientific and commercial testing? There are scientists who defend animal researching saying that this testing has contributed greatly to the advancement of cures for human diseases. In my own opinion animal testing is wrong; not only for the unnecessary pain to a living creature, but because it is also wrong for the environment. Some scientists believe an claim that testing on animals is the key to finding cures for human diseases. They try to justify the pain they inflict on them by injecting them with viral an deadly diseases for which there is no known cure for. I can understand that the only way to actually understand how a disease works is to record all the effects as they happen, but that sounds way to cruel even for an animal that may indeed have a shorter life-span than humans. According to the Humane Society International, animals that are being used in experiments are subjected to many of the following; force feeding, force inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint, infliction of burns and many other wounds so scientists can study the healing process, infliction of pain to study its effects and remedies, and so muc h more [Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing]. Experts some that animals are appropriate research subjects because they are similar to humans beings in many ways. There are two animal that I have seen listed on quite a few sites about animal testing and they are chimpanzees and mice. A Chimpanzee shares 99% of their DNA with humans, while mice are 98% genetically similar to humans; this kind of information shocked me because I can understand the whole chimpanzee thing but a mice is something I don’t completely understand. Though because of animals and humans being so biologically similar they are susceptible to many of the same condition and illnesses; this also include heart disease, cancer, and diabetes [Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing]. Experts like to test on animals not only because it is a must in some cases or a better testing ground, but it because they are used to them and it is hard for them to leave the well beaten path an take the very less traveled road towards stem cell research or even human skin research. These alternatives would provide the same results and would not implicate any damage to animals anymore; which is something that a lot of us are fighting against in the long run. Human skin testing is supposed to soon replace all animal testing in the cosmetic field, and some private companies have already resorted to this type of experimentation. While I was doing some extra researching on alternatives I have come across an article titled â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing†. Upon reading this article I have come across a section that was talking about how the Harvard’s Wyss Institute had created organs-on-chips. The organs-on-chips contain human cells that are grown in a state of the art system to mimic the structure and function of the human organs and organ systems; these chips can be used in testing instead of animals. Organs-on-chips have been shown to be able to replicate human physiology, diseases, and drug responses more accurately than crude animal experiments do. Thankfully there has been some companies who have already started using these chips in place of animals and one of these companies is HuRel Corporation [Alternatives to Anim al Testing]. The animal welfare control claims that it is inappropriate to test on animal, especially when the testing is for futile cosmetic products, because they assert that animal’s body composition is different to a human body, therefore, a medical product that might help cure the disease on an animal, doesn’t necessarily work on another animals, and especially on humans. So you may be asking yourself why do they subject these animals to pain, diseases and vivisection, when the results might not be of any help what so  ever to humans? Experts claim that they are aware of the many subtle differences between animals and humans, but animals continue to be the closest match they can think of; to be honest this is something that I can agree on after I read about how close chimpanzees are to having the same DNA as us humans. Both animal welfare control and sceientists have been debating endlessly on this topic; with scientists listing many cures that were identified thanks to animal research and the animal rights that continue to claim that it is unnecessary torture, even more so when experts conduct the same experiments several times with the same results. Adding to this debate between the two there are another set of scientists who are fighting alongside the animal rights. These scientists are the ones who work and record the changes in the environment. Apparently most animals that are used for research purposes are already loaded with toxic materials injected into them during the trail study. These animals are than put to sleep using a lethal injection of carbon dioxide and then left to decay in open areas. The carcasses of these are then releasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which subsequently contributes to global warming, with all the consequences of it. Animal rights claim that it is impossible to actually determine how many animals are tortured every year because not all the labs release the actual number of animals required, and a lot of animals are acquired illegally in these labs. They also believe that animals such as rabbits, mice and guinea pigs are hardly counted in their totals, and that their torture starts way before the testing even begins. This is because some of these animals are kept in very small plastic boxes an have hardly any room for movements. When you think about how some of these animals are kept before testing even begins, you have to ask yourself if they are even healthy enough to even test on to begin with. Even the animal rights believe that these animals should not be good for testing because not only are they not in good shape, but because they also don’t lead a normal life which renders them not aceeptable for testing. There are several cosmetic tests that are commonly used on mice, rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs that include a few of the following; skin and eye irritation tests where chemicals are rubbed on shaved skin or dripped into the eyes without any pain relief [11 Facts About  Animal Testing]. Thankfully in the year 2000, President Clinton had signed a law that provided for a chimp haven for all the chimps that were lucky enough to survive animal testing; this was built in Shreveport, Louisiana. According to PETA, more than 100 million animals are burned, crippled, and tortured every year, just in the United States, and the problem that PETA is trying to bring to light, is that no testing, no matter how cruel or painful, is illegal. There are no laws to protect these animals, and even when alternatives to animal testing are available, the law doesn’t require for scientists to use it. The most disturbing fact, still according to PETA, is that a staggering number of 92% of drugs that work on animals, do not work on human. When you know about these kind of facts you really have to ask yourself is all this animal testing is even worth all these scientists time. Surely they can be doing something better with their time an knowledge, but to people who know these facts are probably wondering if maybe these scientists just enjoy torturing these poor defenseless animals; again this is my own opinon so I don’t mean to offend anyone. In 2003 the European Union has banned all animal testing for cosmetic purposes to start in 2009, and a ban on any products tested on animals as of January 2013. The European Union also claimed that testing performed on animals is completely inaccurate; aside from the fact that it is inhumane. If the consumers don’t want to stop and think about the tortue animals are put through then they should think of the reactions that some cosemtics could have on humans if they are not tested properly. Most likely corporations are only testing on animals and not humans to avoid all the liabilities and expensive lawsuits just to protect the company’s name; this is something that could be possible because if you do a testing on a human an you end up killing them, then you are held responsible and could be open up to being sued by the living relatives of that person. As an individual I believe I can make a difference in animal testing by refusing to purchase cosemtics that have been tested on animals; which is something that I have been doing. Every time I buy a product to use on myself or my daughter I always make sure that it has never been tested on animals. Grant you a single person can not make a big difference or make the  animal testing stop, but when that one person becomes more than just one their voice get louder. Yes the changes might not happen in my lifetime, but just maybe they might change when our children are older an they have their own children. As long as we keep fighting for what we believe in one day all this cruel animal testing will be nothing but just a bad memory that has finally become a thing of the past. For years we have dealt with several studies and experiments on animals, and we need to stand up as a whole an put a stop to this painful and grotesque thing this is happening to animals. From everything that I have told you throughout this entire paper you can now see that there is proof of this happening an that is is harmful to animals. Sadly the only way to stop it is to be aware that it does actually exist and, fight back against it because what would you do if it was one of your animals that was being tested on? Refernces â€Å"About Cosmetics Animal Testing† (www.hsi.org/issues/becrueltyfree/facts/about_cosmetics_animal_testing.html) â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing† (http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/alternatives-animal-testing/) â€Å"Animal and Product Testing† (www.navs.org/cruelty-free/animals-and-product-testing#.UxODBvldWT8) â€Å"Facts about Animal Testing† (www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-animl-testing) â€Å"Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing† (http://animal-testing.procon.org/)

Is ACT Aspire An Accurate Predictor of Your Real ACT Score

Is ACT Aspire An Accurate Predictor of Your Real ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In 2014, the makers of the ACT rolled out a new pre-ACT test: the ACT Aspire. Unlike the ACT Plan, which was given just to tenth graders, the ACT Aspire is meant to be given to 3rd through 11th graders, with the goal of testing Common Core standards as well as ACT readiness. The ACT Aspire has its own scoring scale, content, and goals compared to the ACT. But it provides a predicted ACT score based on your performance. So is that predicted score accurate? We’ll give you the answer. History: The Plan Test Before we get into the details of Aspire, it’s helpful to know about the ACT’s old pre-ACT test: the ACT Plan. It was an ACT-style test for tenth graders, shorter in length than the ACT, but with similar questions. Like the ACT, the Plan was a traditional paper and pencil multiple choice test. It did not include a writing section like the ACT Plus Writing does. The ACT Plan was essentially considered the ACT’s version of the PSAT – a shorter, less-difficult version of the same test. ACT also offered the Explore test for 8th and 9th graders. Explore was also a version of the ACT, but shorter and designed to predict the future success of middle school students. The Plan was scored between 1-32, whereas the ACT is scored between 1-36. It predicted an ACT score between 1 and 5 points higher than the Plan score. Table 1. Score predictions via ACT Plan. For example, a plan score of 32 mapped to an ACT score between 33 and 36. These predictions were by no means set in stone. Some students would score higher than the PLAN predicted because they didn’t really try on the Plan and took it without studying, whereas they would study for the ACT. It’s easy to find archived discussions online about Plan scores and ACT scores, with many students reporting they outscored their Plan predictions by 5-10 points. Sometimes, students would also fail to meet their Plan predictions, since the Plan doesn’t have the same depth as the ACT, especially on the math section (there was less plane geometry and no trigonometry on the Plan). The old ACT Plan website itself says to â€Å"Keep in mind that these scores are only estimates, not guarantees. Improving your study habits and taking more challenging courses are likely to improve your ACT scores.† So even with a test very similar to the ACT, the estimated ACT score was just that – an estimation. So what happens with something as different as the ACT Aspire? What Exactly Is ACT Aspire? Aspire is a new test for third through eleventh graders designed to assess the new Common Core standards and college readiness, with alignment to the ACT subject areas. That means it tests Math, Reading, English, Writing, and Science. Aspire can be taken with computers or on paper, though paper is more expensive, so most schools are using the computer-based test. This is different than the ACT, which is still given on paper. Aspire is still quite new. It rolled out in 2014 and schools are adjusting to the change. It’s more expensive than the Plan, and many schools are still new to giving computer-based standardized tests. Unlike the ACT, Aspire doesn’t just have multiple-choice questions. There are short writing responses, longer responses including essays and narratives, questions that have you construct an argument or timeline, math questions that have you explain why someone else’s work is incorrect, and lists that you have to select all of the correct answers from. To see sample Aspire questions, visit this ACT site to access login information for the all the test sections and grade levels you're interested in. ACT is hoping Aspire will become the national standard for testing college readiness and Common Core standards, similar to other achievement tests like the PARCC. How Is ACT Aspire Scored? Aspire is not graded like the Plan with an ACT-like scale. Instead, it assigns scores between 400and 460 for each subject. We have included the current score ranges for each subject below. English This score scale lists the score ranges for each grade from 3 to 10. Note that while the bottom of the range is consistent, Aspire expects students to steadily improve over time as they acquire more knowledge in each grade. Via ACT Aspire. Math The ACT Aspire website also provides score benchmarks for each grade, in addition to the score ranges. You can see the benchmarks for each grade for the Math test below. Via ACT Aspire. Reading Via ACT Aspire. Science Via ACT Aspire. Writing Via ACT Aspire. These score scales are obviously quite different from the ACT's 1-36 range, and even the Plan's 1-32 range. However, the ACT still uses those scores to map to future ACT scores, based on when you took the test. For example, they would predict a higher future ACT score if an eigth grader earned a 425 versus a tenth grader, since an eight grader has more time to learn and improve. Since Aspire is new, there isn’t a ton of data yet to see if their ACT score predictions match up with what students actually earn. It will take a few years of students taking Aspire and then going on to take the ACT as juniors and seniors to get a sense of how accurately Aspire maps to ACT scores. Still, we will examine some of the data ACT has released to give you a rough idea of how they predict scores will match up – and help you interpret a score you have already received! ACT Data Sample ACT has released a data sample of 50 students, showing their Aspire scores in tenth grade, and their ACT scores in eleventh grade. It's just one sample, but we can use it to start exploring how Aspire scores translate to ACT scores. Aspire English ACT English Aspire Math ACT Math Aspire Reading ACT Reading Aspire Science ACT Science 411 8 411 11 410 13 414 10 411 17 414 15 413 14 415 17 413 16 417 19 414 15 415 16 419 14 417 16 415 16 416 17 419 10 418 16 415 20 417 20 422 12 419 19 415 19 417 16 423 11 420 15 416 12 419 15 424 10 420 16 419 17 419 19 424 10 421 22 420 17 419 17 425 14 421 17 420 22 421 18 425 15 421 15 421 22 421 21 425 17 422 19 421 19 421 22 426 16 422 20 422 23 422 22 427 19 422 17 422 19 424 18 427 12 423 16 422 17 424 19 428 21 424 22 422 19 424 17 428 20 424 16 423 14 425 17 428 22 425 15 424 23 427 21 428 21 425 18 424 21 427 13 430 17 426 16 424 18 427 18 430 20 426 17 425 16 427 23 432 19 427 22 426 24 427 24 433 21 428 15 426 16 427 20 434 16 428 23 427 18 428 15 434 22 429 23 427 16 428 19 435 23 430 20 427 18 429 21 436 21 430 19 427 18 429 23 436 22 431 26 427 25 429 13 437 22 431 25 427 23 429 25 437 20 432 23 428 22 430 21 437 26 432 17 428 26 430 23 437 21 432 24 429 20 430 25 438 26 434 23 429 26 431 20 438 23 434 22 429 23 431 19 439 25 434 21 429 19 431 24 439 23 437 28 429 31 433 20 439 32 437 26 429 22 434 26 439 24 437 19 431 21 434 23 440 28 437 23 432 28 435 28 440 31 438 28 432 29 435 24 441 26 438 28 432 30 436 28 442 25 441 27 432 21 436 23 442 28 442 26 434 28 437 27 442 24 443 29 434 23 439 24 443 24 443 27 434 25 440 30 443 33 443 28 434 33 440 25 444 26 444 28 435 31 441 30 447 31 446 32 435 31 442 29 448 32 448 33 435 32 442 33 448 35 455 30 435 34 443 34 Table 2. ACT Aspire to ACT Score Equivalencies As the Aspire score increases, the ACT score generally increases, though there is no steady pattern or prediction for what kind of Aspire score will lead to a certain ACT score. For example, in the English scores, both a 440 and 447 Aspire score led to a 31 ACT, and 428, 434, 436 and 437 all mapped to a 22 ACT. From these tables, we can observe the following general ranges: Aspire 400-420: ACT 1-16 Aspire 420-430: ACT 12-24 Aspire 430-440: ACT 20-32 Aspire 440+: ACT 26-36 These ranges are just estimates. For example, note that there were no scores higher than 440 for the Reading section, though ACT scores in the 30s were still reported. Obviously, this isn’t nearly as neat as the old Plan predictions, where you could simply add 1 to 5 points to your Plan score to guess your ACT score. Plus, there are other complicating factors that make it hard to predict an ACT score based on the Aspire score. Complicating Factors for Aspire Accuracy Different Test Scales Since the test scales are different, the score predictions for Aspire aren’t quite as straightforward as they were for Plan. Whereas the Plan used an ACT-like scale, Aspire has to translate the 390-470 scale to the ACT 1-36 scale. Although ranges can be created, like we showed above, they are certainly less straightforward. Differing Questions As we’ve seen, the ACT Aspire and the ACT are very different tests. One student might do better on Aspire – since it has free response, short answer, and more question variability – while another might do better on a straightforward multiple-choice test like the ACT. Unlike the Plan (as well as the PSAT compared to the SAT), there isn’t as much similarity between the Aspire and the ACT, making score mapping difficult. Computer Versus Paper Furthermore, taking a computer-based test is quite different from a paper-and-pencil one. Since you can usually see only one question at a time on the computer, it could be easier for some students to focus on the Aspire. Also, it only takes a split-second to log an answer choice, whereas for paper-and-pencil tests, bubbling takes time. These differences could cause a student to do better on Aspire than the ACT – especially if they lose the paper-taking test practice the Plan used to give them. Different Test Conditions Taking the ACT, unless you live in a state where all students take it, is different than taking a test in school. You wake up early on a Saturday, make sure you have a very specific set of supplies (admission ticket, I.D., No. 2 pencils, calculator), and psych yourself up to do well. Taking a test in school, even required state testing, can blend into a regular school day. Students likely won’t feel the same motivation to do super well as they will when taking the ACT, since the ACT directly affects college admissions. Students may tend to try harder and focus more on the ACT than the Aspire, which could easily allow them to outscore their Aspire predictions. Extra Studying It’s much more likely students will do extra studying on their own for the ACT. It’s very unlikely a student would study outside of class for Aspire, since the test doesn’t matter to their personal college admission goals. Any studying for Aspire would likely happen in school, at the discretion of teachers. Because of that, it’s very likely a student who doesn’t do well on Aspire could still earn a very good ACT score by studying specifically for the ACT. It’s also possible a student who does well on Aspire, with its varying question types and computer-based format, will struggle on the ACT, which is nearly all multiple choice and has very intense pacing. The Bottom Line The ACT Aspire will give you decent information about your progress in school and likely performance on the ACT. For example, its data might let you know you are ahead of your grade in reading and science but are behind on some math concepts, which will help you focus your studying for the ACT on the math section. However, don’t take the predicted ACT score as fact, since Aspire and the ACT are so different, and the Aspire is so new. At the end of the day, a much better predictor of your ACT score is the amount of quality studying you put in before the test. Even if you have a super-high Aspire score, you can’t walk into the ACT without studying and expect a 36. It’s a very tricky test that’s quite different from Aspire. And if you’re really curious about how well you’ll do on the ACT, taking an actual ACT practice test is a better predictor. If you’re a freshman or sophomore, you could add between 1 and 5 points – like the Plan did – to your practice test score to predict your ACT potential. But remember that you have the most control over your future ACT score. Instead of getting caught up in predictions, get caught up in studying! What’s Next? Speaking of studying, start planning out an ACT study schedule with our exclusive guide. Putting in the time, hour for hour, is the best way to improve your college admissions chances! Get some more in-depth resources on the ACT. Get tips for a perfect ACT math score, learn how to write an ACT essay, and get a list of the vocabulary you must know for the ACT. Learn more about how the ACT is scored to help you come up with a target raw score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

AU-C 315 project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AU-C 315 project - Assignment Example Indeed, ExxonMobil Company focuses on refining and supply of fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum products through integrated, reliable, and efficient means. To achieve these objectives, the company adopts fundamental strategies that include developing its labor force at all levels across the globe. The company maximizes its profitability, identifies, and pursues all attractive perforations opportunities as well as investing in projects with superior returns and low cost. Indeed, the company’s strategy is to invest in new exploration, unconventional resource, expansions, and discoveries. ExxonMobil also seeks to offer high quality products and service to customers in an efficient and effective manner. The company guarantees maximum value to all its stakeholders including customers, employees, and shareholders. Nevertheless, in pursuing its business objectives through the defined strategies, ExxonMobil faces significant risks. The company requires executives who can execute its mandate in the uncertain and volatile oil industry (Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2015). The rise of resource nationalism, reduced oil prices, and increased instability in many oil-rich countries pose a great business risk to the company (Crooks, 2015). The company also faces a risk in i dentifying business opportunities with high uncertainty but high returns on investment. Exxon Mobil Corporation. (2015). Operations Integrity Management System. Retrieved from

In What Ways Do We Inherit Our Ideas and Beliefs From Our Family and S Essay

In What Ways Do We Inherit Our Ideas and Beliefs From Our Family and Society - Essay Example From the family, the child learns to trust and grow, and family care leads to the development of the behaviours and beliefs of the child. If the environment provided by the family is nurturing and positive, the child grows up to be a successful and happy person. He takes on risk to learn new things as he knows he has the support of the family, and even if he fails, his family is there to support him. The negative support from the family can lead to a completely opposite effect. The example of family beliefs and its negative effect can be clearly seen in the literal work of William Faulkner and his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The story revolves around a daughter who is so distraught from the death of her father that she keeps his dead body to herself for a couple of days. She is so dependent on her father and secluded from the society that she refuses to let go of his body. Her dependency on father had led to her isolation from society, lack of a maternal figure and has disturbed relationships around. Another example of family and its emphasis on the lives of an individual is highlighted in the literal work of Shirley Jackson â€Å"The Lottery†, which shows how families can turn against one another on basis of a single trigger. Initially, it was highlighted in the story that family bonds were so strong that all families stood together and each family member has to be present. All the actions within the story are carried out due to the effect of family relationships. However, as soon as one of the members Tessie draws out a marked paper, all those family members turn against her and stone her. Another important factor that shapes the ideas and beliefs of an individual is the society, specifically the community. The sociological conditions have been affecting the individuals since the very beginning, however, each generation develops a new set of conditions. The present generation, for example, is socially ruled by the influence of technology, economy and media.  Ã‚